With an increase in life expectancy worldwide, reproductive aging has gradually become a key health issue among women. Aging of the female reproductive system occurs approximately 10 years prior to the natural age-associated functional decline of other organ systems. The female reproductive system is of great significance to women's health. Since most of these molecules are directly or indirectly associated with cell-cycle regulation, DNA damage response, and transcription control, our results strongly suggest key roles for those biological functions in mammalian preimplantation development. A total of 12 transcripts were assessed by quantitative PCR, of which ATM, ATR, CTNNB1, MSH6, MRE11A, PCNA, APC, CENPE, and GRB2 were in agreement with the hybridization results. A total of 774 and 594 probes were preferentially present in early- and late-cleaving embryos, respectively (fold change ± 1.5, P < 0.05), with important contrasts related to cell cycle, gene expression, RNA processing, and protein degradation functions. Seven replicates of selected two-cell embryos were collected at each time point for microarray characterization (n = 4) and quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (n = 3) the rest were left in culture for blastocyst evaluation. The blastocyst rates were 46.1 ± 3.7% and 6.1 ± 3.4% for early- and late-cleavers, respectively (P < 0.01). Following in vitro fertilization, all embryos that cleaved by 29.5 hpi (early) were cultured separately from those that divided at 46 hpi (late). Our goal was to separate two-cell bovine embryos based on their zygotic cleavage timing, and to assess their global mRNA levels. Mammalian embryos that rapidly reach the two-cell stage in culture have a higher probability of becoming viable blastocysts.
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